Batch System
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| GM-NAA I/O |
- GM-NAA I/O
The GM-NAA I/O input/output system of General Motors and North American Aviation was the first operating system for the IBM 704 computer. It was created in 1956 by Robert L. Patrick of General Motors Research and Owen Mock of North American Aviation. It was based on a system monitor created in 1955 by programmers of General Motors for its IBM 701. The main function of GM-NAA I/O was to automatically execute a new program once the one that was being executed had finished (batch processing). It was formed of shared routines to the programs that provided common access to the input/output devices. Some version of the system was used in about forty 704 installations.
Interactive System
- Unix
Unix is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs. Unix operating systems are widely used in servers, workstations, and mobile devices. The Unix environment and the client–server program model were essential elements in the development of the Internet and the reshaping of computing as centred in networks rather than in individual computers.
Unix was designed to be portable, multi-tasking and multi-user in a time-sharing configuration. Unix systems are characterized by various concepts: the use of plain text for storing data; a hierarchical file system; treating devices and certain types of inter-process communication(IPC) as files; and the use of a large number of software tools, small programs that can be strung together through a command line interpreterusing pipes, as opposed to using a single monolithic program that includes all of the same functionality. These concepts are collectively known as the Unix philosophy.
Real-time Systems
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| Unison Operating System |
- Unison Operating System
The Unison Operating System is a real-time operating system (RTOS) optimized for system-on-a-chip (SoC), multi-core and digital signal processor (DSP) systems. It is open source. It offers Linux compatibility while being much smaller than Linux. The current version of Unison is completely POSIX compliant, offering application portability and very low cost hardware implementation options primary for embedded microcontrollers, but also for distributed multi-core and multiprocessor systems like autonomous robots and vehicles. It is so tiny that it takes a minimum of 1K byte to run 2 threads.
Unison was developed as a runtime for powerful real-time embedded heterogeneous multiprocessors which were used for military signal processing. The entire goal of Unison was to provide a software infrastructure that would support the construction of inexpensive, lower power, mobile and portable super computers. Unison successfully met this goal and has been deployed in thousands of systems in the field.
Hybrid Systems
- Linux on ITRON
The hybrid operating system approach which is to combine a general-purpose operating system with a real-time operating system is a promising approach to satisfy the real-time property, which is usually required or embedded systems. The paper describes a hybrid operating system architecture called "Linux on ITRON," which is a combination of Linux and a real-time kernel based on the μITRON Specification. A problem raised in the design of "Linux on ITRON" and its solutions are also discussed.
Embedded Systems
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| iOS |
- iOS
iOS (iPhone OS until June 2010) is Apple's mobile operating system. Developed originally for the iPhone, it has since been shipped on the iPod Touch, iPad and Apple TV as well. Apple does not permit the OS to run on third-party hardware. As of October 20, 2010, Apple's App Store contains more than 300,000 iOS applications, which have collectively been downloaded more than 7.5 billion times. As of May 2010, it had a 15.4% share of the smartphone operating system market in terms of units sold, third behind Symbian and RIM's Blackberry, but accounted for 59% of mobile web consumption (not including the iPad) in North America.
The user interface of iOS is based on the concept of direct manipulation, using multi-touchgestures. Interface control elements consist of sliders, switches, and buttons. The response to user input is immediate and provides a fluid interface. Interaction with the OS includes gestures such as swiping, tapping, pinching, and reverse pinching. Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to respond to shaking the device (one common result is the undo command) or rotating it in three dimensions (one common result is switching from portrait to landscape mode).
iOS is derived from Mac OS X, with which it shares the Darwin foundation, and is therefore aUnix-like operating system by nature.
